Using molecular techniques, scientists led by Harvard's Jacob Russell and Corrie Moreau have studied gut microbes in ants to find patterns of symbiosis. Surveying 283 species from 18 of the 21 ant subfamilies, they found "a wealth of bacteria from across the ants." Herbivorous "turtle ants" often had symbiotic bacteria from clades within the Burkholderiales, Pseudomonadales, Rhizobiales, Verrucomicrobiales, and Xanthomonadales.